Street-network Sprawl in Uttar Pradesh, India

What is Street-network sprawl?

Street-network Sprawl is a way to measure urban sprawl, worldwide, through the connectedness of the streets. Less sprawl means more connected, more walkable streets. Well-connected streets – like New York City’s grid – are more walkable and can be served by public transit.

The street network is permanent, and its connectivity affects the livability and environmental footprint of cities for decades and centuries to come. In places with more connected streets, residents drive less and walk more. A well-connected street network is associated with better outcomes for health, the environment, sustainable consumption, social integration, and equity.

We can quantify how connected street networks are with the Street Network Disconnectedness Index (SNDi).

SNDi -- our measure of street-network sprawl (disconnectedness)

The SNDi is a comprehensive measurement of “sprawl”. It captures:

A higher SNDi means less-connected streets – i.e., more sprawl. For the 10137 cities in our dataset, the average SNDi is 2.25, with half of the cities' SNDis falling between 1.08 and 3.25.

More information on the sprawl index can be found in these research papers:

To see the state of street-network sprawl across the globe, visit the sprawlmap.

Uttar Pradesh: region in India

What exactly constitutes the spatial extent of the city? For these aggregations, we used the Global Human Settlement Layer Urban Center Database (GHS-UCDB) to define the boundaries of the city. These cities -- or urban centers -- cover areas that are densely populated and built-up, and so may extend beyond the spatial borders of these cities that we may be familiar with. The GHS area is shaded in blue.

View Uttar Pradesh, India on the sprawlmap

Most recent snapshot: Taking into account the entire (i.e. aggregate) street network in Uttar Pradesh as of 2014, the overall level of street-network sprawl is 4.05, which is highly disconnected.

Trends in street network construction: The SNDis of street construction for the respective time periods are 3.58, 3.85, 4.17 and 4.44. In each period, new street development in Uttar Pradesh steadily grows more disconnected than in the last.

Quantity of street network construction: The street network in Uttar Pradesh spans a total of 81892 kilometers. It is dominated by roads constructed in 2001-2014. These roads have an SNDi of 4.44, which is highly disconnected.

Effect on the aggregate network: New construction in each period adds to the total stock of streets, but does not change streets that have already been built. Therefore, it has a limited effect on the street network as a whole. The SNDis of the aggregate street network in the respective time periods are 3.58, 3.72, 3.83 and 4.05. Overall, the SNDi of the aggregate street network has risen: the street network in Uttar Pradesh has become more disconnected.

The level of street-network sprawl in new development in Uttar Pradesh rose steadily. To get a sense of how street development has changed in Uttar Pradesh, we can consider three of its most populous cities: Lucknow, Varanasi and Kanpur. Out of the three cities, Lucknow and Varanasi do not follow the same trend as the region. The level of street-network sprawl in new development in Lucknow was at its lowest in 1976-1990. The level of street-network sprawl in new development in Varanasi peaked in 1976-1990.

How do development practices in Uttar Pradesh fare in comparison to others in India? Most recently in 2001-2014, street construction in Uttar Pradesh was the 24th-most disconnected out of the 35 regions in India. Its position in the ranks since 1975 has fallen; relative to other regions in India, street construction in Uttar Pradesh has become more connected. Uttar Pradesh ranked 20th in 1975, 17th in 1976-1990, 23rd in 1991-2000 and 24th in 2001-2014.

As of 2014, the city with the most disconnected street network in Uttar Pradesh is Renukut with an SNDi of 8.57, which is highly disconnected. Conversely, the most connected city is Akbarpur with an SNDi of -3.9, which is very well-connected. See trends for these cities: Akbarpur, Renukut

The level of street-network sprawl in the aggregate network in Uttar Pradesh rose steadily. To get a sense of how the aggregate street network has changed in Uttar Pradesh, we can consider three of its most populous cities: Lucknow, Varanasi and Kanpur. Out of the three cities, Lucknow and Varanasi do not follow the same trend as the region. The level of street-network sprawl in the aggregate network in Lucknow was at its lowest in 1976-1990. The level of street-network sprawl in the aggregate network in Varanasi peaked in 1991-2000.

To date, Uttar Pradesh is the 22nd-most disconnected out of the 35 regions in India. Its position in the ranks since 1975 has fallen; relative to other regions in India, the street network in Uttar Pradesh has become more connected. Uttar Pradesh ranked 20th in 1975, 19th in 1976-1990, 19th in 1991-2000 and 22nd in 2001-2014.