Street-network Sprawl in Samara, Russia

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What is Street-network sprawl?

Street-network Sprawl is a way to measure urban sprawl, worldwide, through the connectedness of the streets. Less sprawl means more connected, more walkable streets. Well-connected streets – like New York City’s grid – are more walkable and can be served by public transit.

The street network is permanent, and its connectivity affects the livability and environmental footprint of cities for decades and centuries to come. In places with more connected streets, residents drive less and walk more. A well-connected street network is associated with better outcomes for health, the environment, sustainable consumption, social integration, and equity.

We can quantify how connected street networks are with the Street Network Disconnectedness Index (SNDi).

SNDi -- our measure of street-network sprawl (disconnectedness)

The SNDi is a comprehensive measurement of “sprawl”. It captures:

• nodal degree
• dendricity, the tree-likeness of the street network
• circuity, the ratio of the distance by road to the straight-line distance of two locations on the street network
• sinuosity, the curviness of a street

A higher SNDi means less-connected streets – i.e., more sprawl. For the 10137 cities in our dataset, the average SNDi is 2.25, with half of the cities' SNDis falling between 1.08 and 3.25.

More information on the sprawl index can be found in these research papers:

• Global trends toward urban street-network sprawl
• A global assessment of street-network sprawl

To see the state of street-network sprawl across the globe, visit the sprawlmap.

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Samara: region in Russia

What exactly constitutes the spatial extent of the city? For these aggregations, we used the Global Human Settlement Layer Urban Center Database (GHS-UCDB) to define the boundaries of the city. These cities -- or urban centers -- cover areas that are densely populated and built-up, and so may extend beyond the spatial borders of these cities that we may be familiar with. The GHS area is shaded in blue.

View Samara, Russia on the sprawlmap

How have Samara's street networks changed over time?

Most recent snapshot: Taking into account the entire (i.e. aggregate) street network in Samara as of 2014, the overall level of street-network sprawl is 3.24, which is in the 40th to 60th percentile of disconnectedness.

Trends in street network construction: The SNDis of street construction for the respective time periods are 2.07, 3.64, 4.71 and 5.04. In each period, new street development in Samara steadily grows more disconnected than in the last. This increase has slowed: between 1975 and 1976-1990, SNDi rose by 1.57 points, but between 1991-2000 and 2001-2014, it rose by just 0.33.

Quantity of street network construction: The street network in Samara spans a total of 18317 kilometers. It is dominated by roads constructed in 1976-1990. These roads have an SNDi of 3.64, which is highly disconnected.

Effect on the aggregate network: New construction in each period adds to the total stock of streets, but does not change streets that have already been built. Therefore, it has a limited effect on the street network as a whole. The SNDis of the aggregate street network in the respective time periods are 2.07, 2.85, 3.07 and 3.24. Overall, the SNDi of the aggregate street network has risen: the street network in Samara has become more disconnected. This increase has slowed: between 1975 and 1976-1990, SNDi rose by 0.78 points, but between 1991-2000 and 2001-2014, it rose by just 0.18.

Samara in context: Street-network sprawl of new development

The level of street-network sprawl in new development in Samara rose steadily. To get a sense of how street development has changed in Samara, we can consider three of its most populous cities: Samara, Tolyatti and Водник. Out of the three cities, Водник does not follow the same trend as the region. The level of street-network sprawl in new development in Водник followed a zig-zag trend with an overall increase.

How do development practices in Samara fare in comparison to others in Russia? Most recently in 2001-2014, street construction in Samara was the 57th-most disconnected out of the 79 regions in Russia. Its position in the ranks since 1975 has risen; relative to other regions in Russia, street construction in Samara has become more disconnected. Samara ranked 71st in 1975, 54th in 1976-1990, 48th in 1991-2000 and 57th in 2001-2014.

Samara in context: Aggregate street-network sprawl

As of 2014, the city with the most disconnected street network in Samara is Водник with an SNDi of 2.69, which is in the 40th to 60th percentile of disconnectedness. Conversely, the most connected city is Tolyatti with an SNDi of 0.45, which is relatively well-connected. See trends for these cities: Tolyatti, Водник

The level of street-network sprawl in the aggregate network in Samara rose steadily. To get a sense of how the aggregate street network has changed in Samara, we can consider three of its most populous cities: Samara, Tolyatti and Водник. Disconnectivity in the most populous cities in Samara follow the same region trend.

To date, Samara is the 64th-most disconnected out of the 79 regions in Russia. Its position in the ranks since 1975 has risen; relative to other regions in Russia, the street network in Samara has become more disconnected. Samara ranked 71st in 1975, 62nd in 1976-1990, 61st in 1991-2000 and 64th in 2001-2014.

Cities in Samara

• Syzran
• Tolyatti
• Водник
• Novokuybyshevsk
• Samara
• Podstepnovka