Street-network Sprawl in Kaesong, North Korea

What is Street-network sprawl?

Street-network Sprawl is a way to measure urban sprawl, worldwide, through the connectedness of the streets. Less sprawl means more connected, more walkable streets. Well-connected streets – like New York City’s grid – are more walkable and can be served by public transit.

The street network is permanent, and its connectivity affects the livability and environmental footprint of cities for decades and centuries to come. In places with more connected streets, residents drive less and walk more. A well-connected street network is associated with better outcomes for health, the environment, sustainable consumption, social integration, and equity.

We can quantify how connected street networks are with the Street Network Disconnectedness Index (SNDi).

SNDi -- our measure of street-network sprawl (disconnectedness)

The SNDi is a comprehensive measurement of “sprawl”. It captures:

A higher SNDi means less-connected streets – i.e., more sprawl. For the 10137 cities in our dataset, the average SNDi is 2.25, with half of the cities' SNDis falling between 1.08 and 3.25.

More information on the sprawl index can be found in these research papers:

To see the state of street-network sprawl across the globe, visit the sprawlmap.

Kaesong: city in Kaesŏng, North Korea

What exactly constitutes the spatial extent of the city? For these aggregations, we used the Global Human Settlement Layer Urban Center Database (GHS-UCDB) to define the boundaries of the city. These cities -- or urban centers -- cover areas that are densely populated and built-up, and so may extend beyond the spatial borders of these cities that we may be familiar with. The GHS area is shaded in blue.

View Kaesong, North Korea on the sprawlmap

Most recent snapshot: Taking into account the entire (i.e. aggregate) street network in Kaesong as of 2014, the overall level of street-network sprawl is 6.45, which is highly disconnected.

Trends in street network construction: The SNDis of street construction for the respective time periods are 6.99, 5.37, nan and nan. Data was not available in 1991-2000 and 2001-2014.

Quantity of street network construction: The street network in Kaesong spans a total of 98 kilometers. It is dominated by roads constructed prior to 1975. These roads have an SNDi of 6.99, which is highly disconnected.

Effect on the aggregate network: New construction in each period adds to the total stock of streets, but does not change streets that have already been built. Therefore, it has a limited effect on the street network as a whole. The SNDis of the aggregate street network in the respective time periods are 6.99, 6.45, 6.45 and 6.45. Overall, the SNDi of the aggregate street network has fallen: the street network in Kaesong has become more connected.

Kaesong and Kaesŏng do not follow the same trend in the disconnectivity of their street network constructions. There was not enough data from the city, while the SNDi of street constructions in Kaesŏng fell steadily.

How do development practices in Kaesong fare in comparison to others in Kaesŏng? out of the 2 cities in Kaesŏng. Its position in the ranks since 1975 has not changed. Kaesong ranked 1st in 1975 and 1st in 1976-1990. There was no ranking in 1991-2000 and 2001-2014 due to unavailable data.

Kaesong and North Korea do not follow the same trend in the disconnectivity of their street network constructions. There was not enough data from the city, while the SNDi of street constructions in North Korea followed a zig-zag trend with an overall increase.

How do development practices in Kaesong fare in comparison to others in North Korea? out of the 79 cities in North Korea. Its position in the ranks since 1975 has fallen; relative to other cities in North Korea, street construction in Kaesong has become more connected. Kaesong ranked 2nd in 1975 and 25th in 1976-1990. There was no ranking in 1991-2000 and 2001-2014 due to unavailable data.

Kaesong and Kaesŏng do not follow the same trend in the disconnectivity of their aggregate street networks. The SNDi in Kaesong fell steadily, while the SNDi of street constructions in Kaesŏng followed a zig-zag trend with an overall decrease.

To date, Kaesong is the 1st-most disconnected out of the 2 cities in Kaesŏng. Its position in the ranks since 1975 has not changed. Kaesong ranked 1st in 1975, 1st in 1976-1990, 1st in 1991-2000 and 1st in 2001-2014.

Kaesong and North Korea do not follow the same trend in the disconnectivity of their aggregate street networks. The SNDi in Kaesong fell steadily, while the SNDi of street constructions in North Korea rose steadily.

To date, Kaesong is the 7th-most disconnected out of the 79 cities in North Korea. Its position in the ranks since 1975 has fallen; relative to other cities in North Korea, the street network in Kaesong has become more connected. Kaesong ranked 2nd in 1975, 7th in 1976-1990, 7th in 1991-2000 and 7th in 2001-2014.

As of 2015, Kaesong had a built-up area of 7.36 square kilometers, and a population of 218479 people.

These are some other cities with approximately the same population: