Street-network Sprawl in Xiangshan, China

What is Street-network sprawl?

Street-network Sprawl is a way to measure urban sprawl, worldwide, through the connectedness of the streets. Less sprawl means more connected, more walkable streets. Well-connected streets – like New York City’s grid – are more walkable and can be served by public transit.

The street network is permanent, and its connectivity affects the livability and environmental footprint of cities for decades and centuries to come. In places with more connected streets, residents drive less and walk more. A well-connected street network is associated with better outcomes for health, the environment, sustainable consumption, social integration, and equity.

We can quantify how connected street networks are with the Street Network Disconnectedness Index (SNDi).

SNDi -- our measure of street-network sprawl (disconnectedness)

The SNDi is a comprehensive measurement of “sprawl”. It captures:

A higher SNDi means less-connected streets – i.e., more sprawl. For the 10137 cities in our dataset, the average SNDi is 2.25, with half of the cities' SNDis falling between 1.08 and 3.25.

More information on the sprawl index can be found in these research papers:

To see the state of street-network sprawl across the globe, visit the sprawlmap.

Xiangshan: city in Zhejiang, China

What exactly constitutes the spatial extent of the city? For these aggregations, we used the Global Human Settlement Layer Urban Center Database (GHS-UCDB) to define the boundaries of the city. These cities -- or urban centers -- cover areas that are densely populated and built-up, and so may extend beyond the spatial borders of these cities that we may be familiar with. The GHS area is shaded in blue.

View Xiangshan, China on the sprawlmap

Most recent snapshot: Taking into account the entire (i.e. aggregate) street network in Xiangshan as of 2014, the overall level of street-network sprawl is 1.68, which is relatively well-connected.

Trends in street network construction: The SNDis of street construction for the respective time periods are 2.01, 1.37, 0.88 and 2.63. The disconnectivity of new streets constructed in Xiangshan fell, then rose. In 1991-2000, new street layouts were the most connected.

Quantity of street network construction: The street network in Xiangshan spans a total of 196 kilometers. It is dominated by roads constructed in 1976-1990. These roads have an SNDi of 1.37, which is relatively well-connected.

Effect on the aggregate network: New construction in each period adds to the total stock of streets, but does not change streets that have already been built. Therefore, it has a limited effect on the street network as a whole. The SNDis of the aggregate street network in the respective time periods are 2.01, 1.48, 1.45 and 1.68. The SNDi of the aggregate street network in fell at first, but Xiangshan has worsened in disconnectivity since 2000.

Xiangshan and Zhejiang do not follow the same trend in the disconnectivity of their street network constructions. The SNDi in Xiangshan was at its lowest in 1991-2000, while the SNDi of street constructions in Zhejiang peaked in 1976-1990.

How do development practices in Xiangshan fare in comparison to others in Zhejiang? Most recently in 2001-2014, street construction in Xiangshan was the 29th-most disconnected out of the 94 cities in Zhejiang. Its position in the ranks since 1975 has risen; relative to other cities in Zhejiang, street construction in Xiangshan has become more disconnected. Xiangshan ranked 33rd in 1975, 61st in 1976-1990, 55th in 1991-2000 and 29th in 2001-2014.

Xiangshan and China do not follow the same trend in the disconnectivity of their street network constructions. The SNDi in Xiangshan was at its lowest in 1991-2000, while the SNDi of street constructions in China followed a zig-zag trend with an overall decrease.

How do development practices in Xiangshan fare in comparison to others in China? Most recently in 2001-2014, street construction in Xiangshan was the 475th-most disconnected out of the 1651 cities in China. Its position in the ranks since 1975 has risen; relative to other cities in China, street construction in Xiangshan has become more disconnected. Xiangshan ranked 491st in 1975, 924th in 1976-1990, 843rd in 1991-2000 and 475th in 2001-2014.

Xiangshan and Zhejiang do not follow the same trend in the disconnectivity of their aggregate street networks. The SNDi in Xiangshan was at its lowest in 1991-2000, while the SNDi of street constructions in Zhejiang peaked in 1976-1990.

To date, Xiangshan is the 56th-most disconnected out of the 94 cities in Zhejiang. Its position in the ranks since 1975 has fallen; relative to other cities in Zhejiang, the street network in Xiangshan has become more connected. Xiangshan ranked 33rd in 1975, 61st in 1976-1990, 61st in 1991-2000 and 56th in 2001-2014.

Xiangshan and China do not follow the same trend in the disconnectivity of their aggregate street networks. The SNDi in Xiangshan was at its lowest in 1991-2000, while the SNDi of street constructions in China peaked in 1976-1990.

To date, Xiangshan is the 870th-most disconnected out of the 1651 cities in China. Its position in the ranks since 1975 has fallen; relative to other cities in China, the street network in Xiangshan has become more connected. Xiangshan ranked 491st in 1975, 890th in 1976-1990, 930th in 1991-2000 and 870th in 2001-2014.

As of 2015, Xiangshan had a built-up area of 18.47 square kilometers, and a population of 170258 people.

These are some other cities with approximately the same population: