Street-network Sprawl in Winston-Salem, United States

What is Street-network sprawl?

Street-network Sprawl is a way to measure urban sprawl, worldwide, through the connectedness of the streets. Less sprawl means more connected, more walkable streets. Well-connected streets – like New York City’s grid – are more walkable and can be served by public transit.

The street network is permanent, and its connectivity affects the livability and environmental footprint of cities for decades and centuries to come. In places with more connected streets, residents drive less and walk more. A well-connected street network is associated with better outcomes for health, the environment, sustainable consumption, social integration, and equity.

We can quantify how connected street networks are with the Street Network Disconnectedness Index (SNDi).

SNDi -- our measure of street-network sprawl (disconnectedness)

The SNDi is a comprehensive measurement of “sprawl”. It captures:

A higher SNDi means less-connected streets – i.e., more sprawl. For the 10137 cities in our dataset, the average SNDi is 2.25, with half of the cities' SNDis falling between 1.08 and 3.25.

More information on the sprawl index can be found in these research papers:

To see the state of street-network sprawl across the globe, visit the sprawlmap.

Winston-Salem: city in North Carolina, United States

What exactly constitutes the spatial extent of the city? For these aggregations, we used the Global Human Settlement Layer Urban Center Database (GHS-UCDB) to define the boundaries of the city. These cities -- or urban centers -- cover areas that are densely populated and built-up, and so may extend beyond the spatial borders of these cities that we may be familiar with. The GHS area is shaded in blue.

View Winston-Salem, United States on the sprawlmap

Most recent snapshot: Taking into account the entire (i.e. aggregate) street network in Winston-Salem as of 2014, the overall level of street-network sprawl is 3.39, which is highly disconnected.

Trends in street network construction: The SNDis of street construction for the respective time periods are 2.95, 7.77, 7.02 and 5.66. Street construction in Winston-Salem increased in disconnectivity initially but has since improved. The streets constructed in 1976-1990 were the most disconnected.

Quantity of street network construction: The street network in Winston-Salem spans a total of 907 kilometers. It is dominated by roads constructed prior to 1975. These roads have an SNDi of 2.95, which is in the 40th to 60th percentile of disconnectedness.

Effect on the aggregate network: New construction in each period adds to the total stock of streets, but does not change streets that have already been built. Therefore, it has a limited effect on the street network as a whole. The SNDis of the aggregate street network in the respective time periods are 2.95, 3.23, 3.38 and 3.39. Overall, the SNDi of the aggregate street network has risen: the street network in Winston-Salem has become more disconnected. This increase has slowed: between 1975 and 1976-1990, SNDi rose by 0.28 points, but between 1991-2000 and 2001-2014, it rose by just 0.01.

Winston-Salem and North Carolina do not follow the same trend in the disconnectivity of their street network constructions. The SNDi in Winston-Salem peaked in 1976-1990, while the SNDi of street constructions in North Carolina peaked in 1991-2000.

How do development practices in Winston-Salem fare in comparison to others in North Carolina? Most recently in 2001-2014, street construction in Winston-Salem was the 5th-most disconnected out of the 8 cities in North Carolina. Its position in the ranks since 1975 has not changed. Winston-Salem ranked 5th in 1975, 1st in 1976-1990, 4th in 1991-2000 and 5th in 2001-2014.

Winston-Salem and United States do not follow the same trend in the disconnectivity of their street network constructions. The SNDi in Winston-Salem peaked in 1976-1990, while the SNDi of street constructions in United States peaked in 1991-2000.

How do development practices in Winston-Salem fare in comparison to others in United States? Most recently in 2001-2014, street construction in Winston-Salem was the 112th-most disconnected out of the 315 cities in United States. Its position in the ranks since 1975 has fallen; relative to other cities in United States, street construction in Winston-Salem has become more connected. Winston-Salem ranked 99th in 1975, 7th in 1976-1990, 62nd in 1991-2000 and 112th in 2001-2014.

Winston-Salem and North Carolina follow the same trend in the disconnectivity of their aggregate street networks. The SNDi for both of these rose steadily.

To date, Winston-Salem is the 6th-most disconnected out of the 8 cities in North Carolina. Its position in the ranks since 1975 has fallen; relative to other cities in North Carolina, the street network in Winston-Salem has become more connected. Winston-Salem ranked 5th in 1975, 5th in 1976-1990, 6th in 1991-2000 and 6th in 2001-2014.

Winston-Salem and United States follow the same trend in the disconnectivity of their aggregate street networks. The SNDi for both of these rose steadily.

To date, Winston-Salem is the 124th-most disconnected out of the 315 cities in United States. Its position in the ranks since 1975 has fallen; relative to other cities in United States, the street network in Winston-Salem has become more connected. Winston-Salem ranked 99th in 1975, 122nd in 1976-1990, 117th in 1991-2000 and 124th in 2001-2014.

As of 2015, Winston-Salem had a built-up area of 50.41 square kilometers, and a population of 88908 people.

These are some other cities with approximately the same population: