England: region in United Kingdom
What exactly constitutes the spatial extent of the city? For these aggregations, we used the Global Human Settlement Layer Urban Center Database (GHS-UCDB) to define the boundaries of the city. These cities -- or urban centers -- cover areas that are densely populated and built-up, and so may extend beyond the spatial borders of these cities that we may be familiar with. The GHS area is shaded in blue.
View England, United Kingdom on the sprawlmap
Most recent snapshot: Taking into account the entire (i.e. aggregate) street network in England as of 2014, the overall level of street-network sprawl is 3.83, which is highly disconnected.
Trends in street network construction: The SNDis of street construction for the respective time periods are 3.7, 4.55, 4.7 and 4.0. Street construction in England increased in disconnectivity initially but has since improved. The streets constructed in 1991-2000 were the most disconnected.
Quantity of street network construction: The street network in England spans a total of 287861 kilometers. It is dominated by roads constructed prior to 1975. These roads have an SNDi of 3.7, which is highly disconnected.
Effect on the aggregate network: New construction in each period adds to the total stock of streets, but does not change streets that have already been built. Therefore, it has a limited effect on the street network as a whole. The SNDis of the aggregate street network in the respective time periods are 3.7, 3.82, 3.84 and 3.83. The aggregate street network in England increased in disconnectivity initially,but the trend has turned around after 2000.
The level of street-network sprawl in new development in England peaked in 1991-2000. To get a sense of how street development has changed in England, we can consider three of its most populous cities: London, Birmingham and Manchester. Out of the three cities, Birmingham does not follow the same trend as the region. The level of street-network sprawl in new development in Birmingham peaked in 1976-1990.
How do development practices in England fare in comparison to others in United Kingdom? Most recently in 2001-2014, street construction in England was the 4th-most disconnected out of the 4 regions in United Kingdom. Its position in the ranks since 1975 has not changed. England ranked 4th in 1975, 4th in 1976-1990, 4th in 1991-2000 and 4th in 2001-2014.
As of 2014, the city with the most disconnected street network in England is Corby with an SNDi of 6.28, which is highly disconnected. Conversely, the most connected city is Great Yarmouth with an SNDi of 2.35, which is in the 40th to 60th percentile of disconnectedness. See trends for these cities: Great Yarmouth, Corby
The level of street-network sprawl in the aggregate network in England peaked in 1991-2000. To get a sense of how the aggregate street network has changed in England, we can consider three of its most populous cities: London, Birmingham and Manchester. None of the most populous cities follow the same trend as the region. The level of street-network sprawl in the aggregate network in London rose steadily. The level of street-network sprawl in the aggregate network in Birmingham rose steadily. The level of street-network sprawl in the aggregate network in Manchester rose steadily.
To date, England is the 4th-most disconnected out of the 4 regions in United Kingdom. Its position in the ranks since 1975 has not changed. England ranked 4th in 1975, 4th in 1976-1990, 4th in 1991-2000 and 4th in 2001-2014.
- Plymouth
- Torquay
- Exeter
- Taunton
- Liverpool
- Weston-super-Mare
- Blackpool
- Southport
- Ellesmere Port
- Chester
- Carlisle
- Lancaster
- Shrewsbury
- Hereford
- Bristol
- Runcorn
- Preston
- Warrington
- Atherton
- Telford
- Blackburn
- Manchester
- Crewe
- Bath
- Rishton
- Gloucester
- Bury
- Kidderminster
- Burnley
- Stoke-on-Trent
- Worcester
- Birmingham
- Cheltenham
- Stafford
- Bournemouth
- Great Wyrley
- Redditch
- Keighley
- Huddersfield
- Swindon
- Leeds
- Fazeley
- Newcastle upon Tyne
- Burton-on-Trent
- Warwick
- Coventry
- Southampton
- Birtley
- Darlington
- Sheffield
- Derby
- Harrogate
- Cudworth
- Chesterfield
- Wath upon Dearne
- Eastleigh
- Sunderland
- Pontefract
- Middlesbrough
- Nottingham
- Oxford
- Rugby
- Mansfield
- Portsmouth
- Loughborough
- Leicester
- Hartlepool
- Doncaster
- Basingstoke
- York
- Reading
- Northampton
- Milton Keynes
- Aylesbury
- Blackwater
- High Wycombe
- Bracknell
- Maidenhead
- Bognor Regis
- Kettering
- Corby
- Scunthorpe
- Slough
- London
- Guildford
- Lincoln
- Littlehampton
- Luton
- Bedford
- Hemel Hempstead
- Brighton
- Hull
- St Albans
- Peterborough
- Crawley
- Stevenage
- Redhill
- Grimsby
- Harlow
- Cambridge
- Royal Tunbridge Wells
- Eastbourne
- Basildon
- Chelmsford
- St Leonards
- Chatham
- Maidstone
- Southend-on-Sea
- Colchester
- Ashford
- Canterbury
- Ipswich
- Folkestone
- Norwich
- Margate
- Great Yarmouth
- Lowestoft