Street-network Sprawl in Arkhangel'sk, Russia

What is Street-network sprawl?

Street-network Sprawl is a way to measure urban sprawl, worldwide, through the connectedness of the streets. Less sprawl means more connected, more walkable streets. Well-connected streets – like New York City’s grid – are more walkable and can be served by public transit.

The street network is permanent, and its connectivity affects the livability and environmental footprint of cities for decades and centuries to come. In places with more connected streets, residents drive less and walk more. A well-connected street network is associated with better outcomes for health, the environment, sustainable consumption, social integration, and equity.

We can quantify how connected street networks are with the Street Network Disconnectedness Index (SNDi).

SNDi -- our measure of street-network sprawl (disconnectedness)

The SNDi is a comprehensive measurement of “sprawl”. It captures:

A higher SNDi means less-connected streets – i.e., more sprawl. For the 10137 cities in our dataset, the average SNDi is 2.25, with half of the cities' SNDis falling between 1.08 and 3.25.

More information on the sprawl index can be found in these research papers:

To see the state of street-network sprawl across the globe, visit the sprawlmap.

Arkhangel'sk: region in Russia

What exactly constitutes the spatial extent of the city? For these aggregations, we used the Global Human Settlement Layer Urban Center Database (GHS-UCDB) to define the boundaries of the city. These cities -- or urban centers -- cover areas that are densely populated and built-up, and so may extend beyond the spatial borders of these cities that we may be familiar with. The GHS area is shaded in blue.

View Arkhangel'sk, Russia on the sprawlmap

Most recent snapshot: Taking into account the entire (i.e. aggregate) street network in Arkhangel'sk as of 2014, the overall level of street-network sprawl is 4.43, which is highly disconnected.

Trends in street network construction: The SNDis of street construction for the respective time periods are 3.85, 5.59, 6.4 and 6.84. In each period, new street development in Arkhangel'sk steadily grows more disconnected than in the last. This increase has slowed: between 1975 and 1976-1990, SNDi rose by 1.74 points, but between 1991-2000 and 2001-2014, it rose by just 0.44.

Quantity of street network construction: The street network in Arkhangel'sk spans a total of 15103 kilometers. It is dominated by roads constructed prior to 1975. These roads have an SNDi of 3.85, which is highly disconnected.

Effect on the aggregate network: New construction in each period adds to the total stock of streets, but does not change streets that have already been built. Therefore, it has a limited effect on the street network as a whole. The SNDis of the aggregate street network in the respective time periods are 3.85, 4.1, 4.27 and 4.43. Overall, the SNDi of the aggregate street network has risen: the street network in Arkhangel'sk has become more disconnected. This increase has slowed: between 1975 and 1976-1990, SNDi rose by 0.25 points, but between 1991-2000 and 2001-2014, it rose by just 0.16.

The level of street-network sprawl in new development in Arkhangel'sk rose steadily. To get a sense of how street development has changed in Arkhangel'sk, we can consider two of its most populous cities: Arkhangelsk and Severodvinsk. None of the most populous cities follow the same trend as the region. The level of street-network sprawl in new development in Arkhangelsk peaked in 1991-2000. The level of street-network sprawl in new development in Severodvinsk followed a zig-zag trend.

How do development practices in Arkhangel'sk fare in comparison to others in Russia? Most recently in 2001-2014, street construction in Arkhangel'sk was the 10th-most disconnected out of the 79 regions in Russia. Its position in the ranks since 1975 has fallen; relative to other regions in Russia, street construction in Arkhangel'sk has become more connected. Arkhangel'sk ranked 7th in 1975, 5th in 1976-1990, 7th in 1991-2000 and 10th in 2001-2014.

As of 2014, the city with the most disconnected street network in Arkhangel'sk is Arkhangelsk with an SNDi of 0.69, which is relatively well-connected. Conversely, the most connected city is Severodvinsk with an SNDi of 0.54, which is relatively well-connected. See trends for these cities: Severodvinsk, Arkhangelsk

The level of street-network sprawl in the aggregate network in Arkhangel'sk rose steadily. To get a sense of how the aggregate street network has changed in Arkhangel'sk, we can consider two of its most populous cities: Arkhangelsk and Severodvinsk. None of the most populous cities follow the same trend as the region. The level of street-network sprawl in the aggregate network in Arkhangelsk peaked in 1991-2000. The level of street-network sprawl in the aggregate network in Severodvinsk fell steadily.

To date, Arkhangel'sk is the 18th-most disconnected out of the 79 regions in Russia. Its position in the ranks since 1975 has fallen; relative to other regions in Russia, the street network in Arkhangel'sk has become more connected. Arkhangel'sk ranked 7th in 1975, 17th in 1976-1990, 15th in 1991-2000 and 18th in 2001-2014.