Street-network Sprawl in Hwanghae-bukto, North Korea

What is Street-network sprawl?

Street-network Sprawl is a way to measure urban sprawl, worldwide, through the connectedness of the streets. Less sprawl means more connected, more walkable streets. Well-connected streets – like New York City’s grid – are more walkable and can be served by public transit.

The street network is permanent, and its connectivity affects the livability and environmental footprint of cities for decades and centuries to come. In places with more connected streets, residents drive less and walk more. A well-connected street network is associated with better outcomes for health, the environment, sustainable consumption, social integration, and equity.

We can quantify how connected street networks are with the Street Network Disconnectedness Index (SNDi).

SNDi -- our measure of street-network sprawl (disconnectedness)

The SNDi is a comprehensive measurement of “sprawl”. It captures:

A higher SNDi means less-connected streets – i.e., more sprawl. For the 10137 cities in our dataset, the average SNDi is 2.25, with half of the cities' SNDis falling between 1.08 and 3.25.

More information on the sprawl index can be found in these research papers:

To see the state of street-network sprawl across the globe, visit the sprawlmap.

Hwanghae-bukto: region in North Korea

What exactly constitutes the spatial extent of the city? For these aggregations, we used the Global Human Settlement Layer Urban Center Database (GHS-UCDB) to define the boundaries of the city. These cities -- or urban centers -- cover areas that are densely populated and built-up, and so may extend beyond the spatial borders of these cities that we may be familiar with. The GHS area is shaded in blue.

View Hwanghae-bukto, North Korea on the sprawlmap

Most recent snapshot: Taking into account the entire (i.e. aggregate) street network in Hwanghae-bukto as of 2014, the overall level of street-network sprawl is 5.28, which is highly disconnected.

Trends in street network construction: The SNDis of street construction for the respective time periods are 4.83, 5.8, 5.25 and 6.2. Disconnectivity in street construction in Hwanghae-bukto follows a zig-zag trend. In 1975, street construction was most disconnected, while construction was most connected in 2001-2014.

Quantity of street network construction: The street network in Hwanghae-bukto spans a total of 3472 kilometers. It is dominated by roads constructed prior to 1975. These roads have an SNDi of 4.83, which is highly disconnected.

Effect on the aggregate network: New construction in each period adds to the total stock of streets, but does not change streets that have already been built. Therefore, it has a limited effect on the street network as a whole. The SNDis of the aggregate street network in the respective time periods are 4.83, 5.16, 5.19 and 5.28. Overall, the SNDi of the aggregate street network has risen: the street network in Hwanghae-bukto has become more disconnected. This increase has slowed: between 1975 and 1976-1990, SNDi rose by 0.33 points, but between 1991-2000 and 2001-2014, it rose by just 0.09.

The level of street-network sprawl in new development in Hwanghae-bukto followed a zig-zag trend with an overall increase. To get a sense of how street development has changed in Hwanghae-bukto, we can consider three of its most populous cities: Sariwŏn, Songnim and Koksan. None of the most populous cities follow the same trend as the region. The level of street-network sprawl in new development in Sariwŏn followed a zig-zag trend with an overall decrease. The level of street-network sprawl in new development in Songnim followed a zig-zag trend with an overall increase. The level of street-network sprawl in new development in Koksan followed a zig-zag trend.

How do development practices in Hwanghae-bukto fare in comparison to others in North Korea? Most recently in 2001-2014, street construction in Hwanghae-bukto was the 8th-most disconnected out of the 13 regions in North Korea. Its position in the ranks since 1975 has risen; relative to other regions in North Korea, street construction in Hwanghae-bukto has become more disconnected. Hwanghae-bukto ranked 9th in 1975, 9th in 1976-1990, 10th in 1991-2000 and 8th in 2001-2014.

As of 2014, the city with the most disconnected street network in Hwanghae-bukto is Songnim with an SNDi of 7.11, which is highly disconnected. Conversely, the most connected city is Koksan with an SNDi of 3.04, which is in the 40th to 60th percentile of disconnectedness. See trends for these cities: Koksan, Songnim

The level of street-network sprawl in the aggregate network in Hwanghae-bukto rose steadily. To get a sense of how the aggregate street network has changed in Hwanghae-bukto, we can consider three of its most populous cities: Sariwŏn, Songnim and Koksan. None of the most populous cities follow the same trend as the region. The level of street-network sprawl in the aggregate network in Sariwŏn fell steadily. The level of street-network sprawl in the aggregate network in Songnim peaked in 1991-2000. The level of street-network sprawl in the aggregate network in Koksan rose steadily.

To date, Hwanghae-bukto is the 9th-most disconnected out of the 13 regions in North Korea. Its position in the ranks since 1975 has not changed. Hwanghae-bukto ranked 9th in 1975, 9th in 1976-1990, 9th in 1991-2000 and 9th in 2001-2014.