Street-network Sprawl in Johor, Malaysia

What is Street-network sprawl?

Street-network Sprawl is a way to measure urban sprawl, worldwide, through the connectedness of the streets. Less sprawl means more connected, more walkable streets. Well-connected streets – like New York City’s grid – are more walkable and can be served by public transit.

The street network is permanent, and its connectivity affects the livability and environmental footprint of cities for decades and centuries to come. In places with more connected streets, residents drive less and walk more. A well-connected street network is associated with better outcomes for health, the environment, sustainable consumption, social integration, and equity.

We can quantify how connected street networks are with the Street Network Disconnectedness Index (SNDi).

SNDi -- our measure of street-network sprawl (disconnectedness)

The SNDi is a comprehensive measurement of “sprawl”. It captures:

A higher SNDi means less-connected streets – i.e., more sprawl. For the 10137 cities in our dataset, the average SNDi is 2.25, with half of the cities' SNDis falling between 1.08 and 3.25.

More information on the sprawl index can be found in these research papers:

To see the state of street-network sprawl across the globe, visit the sprawlmap.

Johor: region in Malaysia

What exactly constitutes the spatial extent of the city? For these aggregations, we used the Global Human Settlement Layer Urban Center Database (GHS-UCDB) to define the boundaries of the city. These cities -- or urban centers -- cover areas that are densely populated and built-up, and so may extend beyond the spatial borders of these cities that we may be familiar with. The GHS area is shaded in blue.

View Johor, Malaysia on the sprawlmap

Most recent snapshot: Taking into account the entire (i.e. aggregate) street network in Johor as of 2014, the overall level of street-network sprawl is 4.48, which is highly disconnected.

Trends in street network construction: The SNDis of street construction for the respective time periods are 4.22, nan, 4.81 and 5.26. Data was not available in 1976-1990.

Quantity of street network construction: The street network in Johor spans a total of 15904 kilometers. It is dominated by roads constructed prior to 1975. These roads have an SNDi of 4.22, which is highly disconnected.

Effect on the aggregate network: New construction in each period adds to the total stock of streets, but does not change streets that have already been built. Therefore, it has a limited effect on the street network as a whole. The SNDis of the aggregate street network in the respective time periods are 4.22, 4.22, 4.36 and 4.48. Overall, the SNDi of the aggregate street network has risen: the street network in Johor has become more disconnected.

The level of street-network sprawl in new development in Johor followed a zig-zag trend with an overall increase. To get a sense of how street development has changed in Johor, we can consider three of its most populous cities: Kulai, Kluang and Muar. None of the most populous cities follow the same trend as the region. The level of street-network sprawl in new development in Kulai followed a zig-zag trend with an overall increase. The level of street-network sprawl in new development in Kluang followed a zig-zag trend with an overall increase. The level of street-network sprawl in new development in Muar followed a zig-zag trend with an overall increase.

How do development practices in Johor fare in comparison to others in Malaysia? Most recently in 2001-2014, street construction in Johor was the 8th-most disconnected out of the 13 regions in Malaysia. Its position in the ranks since 1975 has risen; relative to other regions in Malaysia, street construction in Johor has become more disconnected. Johor ranked 9th in 1975, 10th in 1991-2000 and 8th in 2001-2014. There was no ranking in 1976-1990 due to unavailable data.

As of 2014, the city with the most disconnected street network in Johor is Iskandar Puteri with an SNDi of 4.63, which is highly disconnected. Conversely, the most connected city is Batu Pahat with an SNDi of 2.04, which is relatively well-connected. See trends for these cities: Batu Pahat, Iskandar Puteri

The level of street-network sprawl in the aggregate network in Johor rose steadily. To get a sense of how the aggregate street network has changed in Johor, we can consider three of its most populous cities: Kulai, Kluang and Muar. None of the most populous cities follow the same trend as the region. The level of street-network sprawl in the aggregate network in Kulai rose steadily. The level of street-network sprawl in the aggregate network in Kluang rose steadily. The level of street-network sprawl in the aggregate network in Muar rose steadily.

To date, Johor is the 9th-most disconnected out of the 13 regions in Malaysia. Its position in the ranks since 1975 has not changed. Johor ranked 9th in 1975, 9th in 1976-1990, 9th in 1991-2000 and 9th in 2001-2014.