Street-network Sprawl in Lebanon

What is Street-network sprawl?

Street-network Sprawl is a way to measure urban sprawl, worldwide, through the connectedness of the streets. Less sprawl means more connected, more walkable streets. Well-connected streets – like New York City’s grid – are more walkable and can be served by public transit.

The street network is permanent, and its connectivity affects the livability and environmental footprint of cities for decades and centuries to come. In places with more connected streets, residents drive less and walk more. A well-connected street network is associated with better outcomes for health, the environment, sustainable consumption, social integration, and equity.

We can quantify how connected street networks are with the Street Network Disconnectedness Index (SNDi).

SNDi -- our measure of street-network sprawl (disconnectedness)

The SNDi is a comprehensive measurement of “sprawl”. It captures:

A higher SNDi means less-connected streets – i.e., more sprawl. For the 10137 cities in our dataset, the average SNDi is 2.25, with half of the cities' SNDis falling between 1.08 and 3.25.

More information on the sprawl index can be found in these research papers:

To see the state of street-network sprawl across the globe, visit the sprawlmap.

Lebanon

What exactly constitutes the spatial extent of the city? For these aggregations, we used the Global Human Settlement Layer Urban Center Database (GHS-UCDB) to define the boundaries of the city. These cities -- or urban centers -- cover areas that are densely populated and built-up, and so may extend beyond the spatial borders of these cities that we may be familiar with. The GHS area is shaded in blue.

View Lebanon on the sprawlmap

Most recent snapshot: Taking into account the entire (i.e. aggregate) street network in Lebanon as of 2014, the overall level of street-network sprawl is 3.91, which is highly disconnected.

Trends in street network construction: The SNDis of street construction for the respective time periods are 2.2, 5.48, 6.37 and 6.78. In each period, new street development in Lebanon steadily grows more disconnected than in the last. This increase has slowed: between 1975 and 1976-1990, SNDi rose by 3.28 points, but between 1991-2000 and 2001-2014, it rose by just 0.41.

Quantity of street network construction: The street network in Lebanon spans a total of 24502 kilometers. It is dominated by roads constructed in 1976-1990. These roads have an SNDi of 5.48, which is highly disconnected.

Effect on the aggregate network: New construction in each period adds to the total stock of streets, but does not change streets that have already been built. Therefore, it has a limited effect on the street network as a whole. The SNDis of the aggregate street network in the respective time periods are 2.2, 3.5, 3.7 and 3.91. Overall, the SNDi of the aggregate street network has risen: the street network in Lebanon has become more disconnected. This increase has slowed: between 1975 and 1976-1990, SNDi rose by 1.3 points, but between 1991-2000 and 2001-2014, it rose by just 0.21.

The level of street-network sprawl in new development in Lebanon rose steadily. To get a sense of how street development has changed in Lebanon, we can consider three of its most populous regions: Beirut, North and South. Out of the three regions, Beirut and South do not follow the same trend as the country. The level of street-network sprawl in new development in Beirut was at its lowest in 1976-1990. The level of street-network sprawl in new development in South followed a zig-zag trend with an overall increase.

How do development practices in Lebanon fare in comparison to others in the world? Most recently in 2001-2014, street construction in Lebanon was the 13th-most disconnected out of the 155 countries in the world. Its position in the ranks since 1975 has risen; relative to other countries in the world, street construction in Lebanon has become more disconnected. Lebanon ranked 103rd in 1975, 17th in 1976-1990, 19th in 1991-2000 and 13th in 2001-2014.

The largest city in Lebanon is Beirut, with a population of 2463500 people. Taking into account the entire (i.e. aggregate) street network in Beirut as of 2014, the overall level of street-network sprawl is 2.68, which is in the 40th to 60th percentile of disconnectedness. The level of street-network sprawl in new development in Beirut rose steadily.

As of 2014, the city with the most disconnected street network in Lebanon is Nabatieh with an SNDi of 3.11, which is in the 40th to 60th percentile of disconnectedness. Conversely, the most connected city is Baalbek with an SNDi of 1.34, which is relatively well-connected. See trends for these cities: Baalbek, Nabatieh

The level of street-network sprawl in the aggregate network in Lebanon rose steadily. To get a sense of how the aggregate street network has changed in Lebanon, we can consider three of its most populous regions: Beirut, North and South. Out of the three regions, Beirut and South do not follow the same trend as the country. The level of street-network sprawl in the aggregate network in Beirut fell steadily. The level of street-network sprawl in the aggregate network in South was at its lowest in 1976-1990.

To date, Lebanon is the 55th-most disconnected out of the 155 countries in the world. Its position in the ranks since 1975 has risen; relative to other countries in the world, the street network in Lebanon has become more disconnected. Lebanon ranked 103rd in 1975, 60th in 1976-1990, 59th in 1991-2000 and 55th in 2001-2014.

The largest city in Lebanon is Beirut, with a population of 2463500 people. Taking into account the entire (i.e. aggregate) street network in Beirut as of 2014, the overall level of street-network sprawl is 2.68, which is in the 40th to 60th percentile of disconnectedness. The level of street-network sprawl in the aggregate network in Beirut rose steadily.