Street-network Sprawl in Kochi, Japan

What is Street-network sprawl?

Street-network Sprawl is a way to measure urban sprawl, worldwide, through the connectedness of the streets. Less sprawl means more connected, more walkable streets. Well-connected streets – like New York City’s grid – are more walkable and can be served by public transit.

The street network is permanent, and its connectivity affects the livability and environmental footprint of cities for decades and centuries to come. In places with more connected streets, residents drive less and walk more. A well-connected street network is associated with better outcomes for health, the environment, sustainable consumption, social integration, and equity.

We can quantify how connected street networks are with the Street Network Disconnectedness Index (SNDi).

SNDi -- our measure of street-network sprawl (disconnectedness)

The SNDi is a comprehensive measurement of “sprawl”. It captures:

A higher SNDi means less-connected streets – i.e., more sprawl. For the 10137 cities in our dataset, the average SNDi is 2.25, with half of the cities' SNDis falling between 1.08 and 3.25.

More information on the sprawl index can be found in these research papers:

To see the state of street-network sprawl across the globe, visit the sprawlmap.

Kochi: region in Japan

What exactly constitutes the spatial extent of the city? For these aggregations, we used the Global Human Settlement Layer Urban Center Database (GHS-UCDB) to define the boundaries of the city. These cities -- or urban centers -- cover areas that are densely populated and built-up, and so may extend beyond the spatial borders of these cities that we may be familiar with. The GHS area is shaded in blue.

View Kochi, Japan on the sprawlmap

Most recent snapshot: Taking into account the entire (i.e. aggregate) street network in Kochi as of 2014, the overall level of street-network sprawl is 2.13, which is relatively well-connected.

Trends in street network construction: The SNDis of street construction for the respective time periods are 1.99, 3.29, 3.49 and 4.98. In each period, new street development in Kochi steadily grows more disconnected than in the last.

Quantity of street network construction: The street network in Kochi spans a total of 10021 kilometers. It is dominated by roads constructed prior to 1975. These roads have an SNDi of 1.99, which is relatively well-connected.

Effect on the aggregate network: New construction in each period adds to the total stock of streets, but does not change streets that have already been built. Therefore, it has a limited effect on the street network as a whole. The SNDis of the aggregate street network in the respective time periods are 1.99, 2.03, 2.09 and 2.13. Overall, the SNDi of the aggregate street network has risen: the street network in Kochi has become more disconnected.

The level of street-network sprawl in new development in Kochi rose steadily. To get a sense of how street development has changed in Kochi, we can consider two of its most populous cities: Kōchi and 上竜頭岬. None of the most populous cities follow the same trend as the region. The level of street-network sprawl in new development in Kōchi followed a zig-zag trend with an overall increase. The level of street-network sprawl in new development in 上竜頭岬 followed a zig-zag trend.

How do development practices in Kochi fare in comparison to others in Japan? Most recently in 2001-2014, street construction in Kochi was the 1st-most disconnected out of the 44 regions in Japan. Its position in the ranks since 1975 has risen; relative to other regions in Japan, street construction in Kochi has become more disconnected. Kochi ranked 10th in 1975, 4th in 1976-1990, 10th in 1991-2000 and 1st in 2001-2014.

As of 2014, the city with the most disconnected street network in Kochi is 上竜頭岬 with an SNDi of 2.49, which is in the 40th to 60th percentile of disconnectedness. Conversely, the most connected city is Kōchi with an SNDi of 1.59, which is relatively well-connected. See trends for these cities: Kōchi, 上竜頭岬

The level of street-network sprawl in the aggregate network in Kochi rose steadily. To get a sense of how the aggregate street network has changed in Kochi, we can consider two of its most populous cities: Kōchi and 上竜頭岬. None of the most populous cities follow the same trend as the region. The level of street-network sprawl in the aggregate network in Kōchi rose steadily. The level of street-network sprawl in the aggregate network in 上竜頭岬 rose steadily.

To date, Kochi is the 12th-most disconnected out of the 44 regions in Japan. Its position in the ranks since 1975 has fallen; relative to other regions in Japan, the street network in Kochi has become more connected. Kochi ranked 10th in 1975, 11th in 1976-1990, 12th in 1991-2000 and 12th in 2001-2014.