Street-network Sprawl in Sulaymaniyah, Iraq

What is Street-network sprawl?

Street-network Sprawl is a way to measure urban sprawl, worldwide, through the connectedness of the streets. Less sprawl means more connected, more walkable streets. Well-connected streets – like New York City’s grid – are more walkable and can be served by public transit.

The street network is permanent, and its connectivity affects the livability and environmental footprint of cities for decades and centuries to come. In places with more connected streets, residents drive less and walk more. A well-connected street network is associated with better outcomes for health, the environment, sustainable consumption, social integration, and equity.

We can quantify how connected street networks are with the Street Network Disconnectedness Index (SNDi).

SNDi -- our measure of street-network sprawl (disconnectedness)

The SNDi is a comprehensive measurement of “sprawl”. It captures:

A higher SNDi means less-connected streets – i.e., more sprawl. For the 10137 cities in our dataset, the average SNDi is 2.25, with half of the cities' SNDis falling between 1.08 and 3.25.

More information on the sprawl index can be found in these research papers:

To see the state of street-network sprawl across the globe, visit the sprawlmap.

Sulaymaniyah: city in As-Sulaymaniyah, Iraq

What exactly constitutes the spatial extent of the city? For these aggregations, we used the Global Human Settlement Layer Urban Center Database (GHS-UCDB) to define the boundaries of the city. These cities -- or urban centers -- cover areas that are densely populated and built-up, and so may extend beyond the spatial borders of these cities that we may be familiar with. The GHS area is shaded in blue.

View Sulaymaniyah, Iraq on the sprawlmap

Most recent snapshot: Taking into account the entire (i.e. aggregate) street network in Sulaymaniyah as of 2014, the overall level of street-network sprawl is 1.32, which is relatively well-connected.

Trends in street network construction: The SNDis of street construction for the respective time periods are 0.64, 1.09, 1.05 and 1.7. Disconnectivity in street construction in Sulaymaniyah follows a zig-zag trend. In 1975, street construction was most disconnected, while construction was most connected in 2001-2014.

Quantity of street network construction: The street network in Sulaymaniyah spans a total of 1836 kilometers. It is dominated by roads constructed in 2001-2014. These roads have an SNDi of 1.7, which is relatively well-connected.

Effect on the aggregate network: New construction in each period adds to the total stock of streets, but does not change streets that have already been built. Therefore, it has a limited effect on the street network as a whole. The SNDis of the aggregate street network in the respective time periods are 0.64, 1.02, 1.02 and 1.32. Overall, the SNDi of the aggregate street network has risen: the street network in Sulaymaniyah has become more disconnected. This increase has slowed: between 1975 and 1976-1990, SNDi rose by 0.38 points, but between 1991-2000 and 2001-2014, it rose by just 0.3.

Sulaymaniyah and As-Sulaymaniyah do not follow the same trend in the disconnectivity of their street network constructions. The SNDi in Sulaymaniyah followed a zig-zag trend with an overall increase, while the SNDi of street constructions in As-Sulaymaniyah followed a zig-zag trend with an overall decrease.

How do development practices in Sulaymaniyah fare in comparison to others in As-Sulaymaniyah? Most recently in 2001-2014, street construction in Sulaymaniyah was the 3rd-most disconnected out of the 5 cities in As-Sulaymaniyah. Its position in the ranks since 1975 has fallen; relative to other cities in As-Sulaymaniyah, street construction in Sulaymaniyah has become more connected. Sulaymaniyah ranked 2nd in 1975, 4th in 1976-1990, 1st in 1991-2000 and 3rd in 2001-2014.

Sulaymaniyah and Iraq do not follow the same trend in the disconnectivity of their street network constructions. The SNDi in Sulaymaniyah followed a zig-zag trend with an overall increase, while the SNDi of street constructions in Iraq was at its lowest in 1976-1990.

How do development practices in Sulaymaniyah fare in comparison to others in Iraq? Most recently in 2001-2014, street construction in Sulaymaniyah was the 45th-most disconnected out of the 75 cities in Iraq. Its position in the ranks since 1975 has fallen; relative to other cities in Iraq, street construction in Sulaymaniyah has become more connected. Sulaymaniyah ranked 39th in 1975, 51st in 1976-1990, 46th in 1991-2000 and 45th in 2001-2014.

Sulaymaniyah and As-Sulaymaniyah do not follow the same trend in the disconnectivity of their aggregate street networks. The SNDi in Sulaymaniyah rose steadily, while the SNDi of street constructions in As-Sulaymaniyah was at its lowest in 1976-1990.

To date, Sulaymaniyah is the 4th-most disconnected out of the 5 cities in As-Sulaymaniyah. Its position in the ranks since 1975 has fallen; relative to other cities in As-Sulaymaniyah, the street network in Sulaymaniyah has become more connected. Sulaymaniyah ranked 2nd in 1975, 4th in 1976-1990, 4th in 1991-2000 and 4th in 2001-2014.

Sulaymaniyah and Iraq do not follow the same trend in the disconnectivity of their aggregate street networks. The SNDi in Sulaymaniyah rose steadily, while the SNDi of street constructions in Iraq was at its lowest in 1976-1990.

To date, Sulaymaniyah is the 56th-most disconnected out of the 75 cities in Iraq. Its position in the ranks since 1975 has fallen; relative to other cities in Iraq, the street network in Sulaymaniyah has become more connected. Sulaymaniyah ranked 39th in 1975, 54th in 1976-1990, 57th in 1991-2000 and 56th in 2001-2014.

As of 2015, Sulaymaniyah had a built-up area of 45.17 square kilometers, and a population of 713715 people.

These are some other cities with approximately the same population: