Street-network Sprawl in Central, Ghana

What is Street-network sprawl?

Street-network Sprawl is a way to measure urban sprawl, worldwide, through the connectedness of the streets. Less sprawl means more connected, more walkable streets. Well-connected streets – like New York City’s grid – are more walkable and can be served by public transit.

The street network is permanent, and its connectivity affects the livability and environmental footprint of cities for decades and centuries to come. In places with more connected streets, residents drive less and walk more. A well-connected street network is associated with better outcomes for health, the environment, sustainable consumption, social integration, and equity.

We can quantify how connected street networks are with the Street Network Disconnectedness Index (SNDi).

SNDi -- our measure of street-network sprawl (disconnectedness)

The SNDi is a comprehensive measurement of “sprawl”. It captures:

A higher SNDi means less-connected streets – i.e., more sprawl. For the 10137 cities in our dataset, the average SNDi is 2.25, with half of the cities' SNDis falling between 1.08 and 3.25.

More information on the sprawl index can be found in these research papers:

To see the state of street-network sprawl across the globe, visit the sprawlmap.

Central: region in Ghana

What exactly constitutes the spatial extent of the city? For these aggregations, we used the Global Human Settlement Layer Urban Center Database (GHS-UCDB) to define the boundaries of the city. These cities -- or urban centers -- cover areas that are densely populated and built-up, and so may extend beyond the spatial borders of these cities that we may be familiar with. The GHS area is shaded in blue.

View Central, Ghana on the sprawlmap

Most recent snapshot: Taking into account the entire (i.e. aggregate) street network in Central as of 2014, the overall level of street-network sprawl is 4.89, which is highly disconnected.

Trends in street network construction: The SNDis of street construction for the respective time periods are 4.35, 5.35, 6.67 and 4.7. Street construction in Central increased in disconnectivity initially but has since improved. The streets constructed in 1991-2000 were the most disconnected.

Quantity of street network construction: The street network in Central spans a total of 6932 kilometers. It is dominated by roads constructed in 2001-2014. These roads have an SNDi of 4.7, which is highly disconnected.

Effect on the aggregate network: New construction in each period adds to the total stock of streets, but does not change streets that have already been built. Therefore, it has a limited effect on the street network as a whole. The SNDis of the aggregate street network in the respective time periods are 4.35, 4.83, 5.26 and 4.89. The aggregate street network in Central increased in disconnectivity initially,but the trend has turned around after 2000.

The level of street-network sprawl in new development in Central peaked in 1991-2000. To get a sense of how street development has changed in Central, we can consider three of its most populous cities: Cape Coast, Agona Swedru and Winneba. Out of the three cities, Agona Swedru does not follow the same trend as the region. The level of street-network sprawl in new development in Agona Swedru was at its lowest in 1976-1990.

How do development practices in Central fare in comparison to others in Ghana? Most recently in 2001-2014, street construction in Central was the 7th-most disconnected out of the 10 regions in Ghana. Its position in the ranks since 1975 has fallen; relative to other regions in Ghana, street construction in Central has become more connected. Central ranked 2nd in 1975, 3rd in 1976-1990, 2nd in 1991-2000 and 7th in 2001-2014.

As of 2014, the city with the most disconnected street network in Central is Assin Fosu with an SNDi of 6.77, which is highly disconnected. Conversely, the most connected city is Winneba with an SNDi of 3.42, which is highly disconnected. See trends for these cities: Winneba, Assin Fosu

The level of street-network sprawl in the aggregate network in Central peaked in 1991-2000. To get a sense of how the aggregate street network has changed in Central, we can consider three of its most populous cities: Cape Coast, Agona Swedru and Winneba. None of the most populous cities follow the same trend as the region. The level of street-network sprawl in the aggregate network in Cape Coast rose steadily. The level of street-network sprawl in the aggregate network in Agona Swedru was at its lowest in 1976-1990. The level of street-network sprawl in the aggregate network in Winneba rose steadily.

To date, Central is the 4th-most disconnected out of the 10 regions in Ghana. Its position in the ranks since 1975 has fallen; relative to other regions in Ghana, the street network in Central has become more connected. Central ranked 2nd in 1975, 3rd in 1976-1990, 3rd in 1991-2000 and 4th in 2001-2014.