Street-network Sprawl in Copenhagen, Denmark

What is Street-network sprawl?

Street-network Sprawl is a way to measure urban sprawl, worldwide, through the connectedness of the streets. Less sprawl means more connected, more walkable streets. Well-connected streets – like New York City’s grid – are more walkable and can be served by public transit.

The street network is permanent, and its connectivity affects the livability and environmental footprint of cities for decades and centuries to come. In places with more connected streets, residents drive less and walk more. A well-connected street network is associated with better outcomes for health, the environment, sustainable consumption, social integration, and equity.

We can quantify how connected street networks are with the Street Network Disconnectedness Index (SNDi).

SNDi -- our measure of street-network sprawl (disconnectedness)

The SNDi is a comprehensive measurement of “sprawl”. It captures:

A higher SNDi means less-connected streets – i.e., more sprawl. For the 10137 cities in our dataset, the average SNDi is 2.25, with half of the cities' SNDis falling between 1.08 and 3.25.

More information on the sprawl index can be found in these research papers:

To see the state of street-network sprawl across the globe, visit the sprawlmap.

Copenhagen: city in Hovedstaden, Denmark

What exactly constitutes the spatial extent of the city? For these aggregations, we used the Global Human Settlement Layer Urban Center Database (GHS-UCDB) to define the boundaries of the city. These cities -- or urban centers -- cover areas that are densely populated and built-up, and so may extend beyond the spatial borders of these cities that we may be familiar with. The GHS area is shaded in blue.

View Copenhagen, Denmark on the sprawlmap

Most recent snapshot: Taking into account the entire (i.e. aggregate) street network in Copenhagen as of 2014, the overall level of street-network sprawl is 1.6, which is relatively well-connected.

Trends in street network construction: The SNDis of street construction for the respective time periods are 1.5, 1.84, 2.35 and 2.45. In each period, new street development in Copenhagen steadily grows more disconnected than in the last. This increase has slowed: between 1975 and 1976-1990, SNDi rose by 0.34 points, but between 1991-2000 and 2001-2014, it rose by just 0.1.

Quantity of street network construction: The street network in Copenhagen spans a total of 4191 kilometers. It is dominated by roads constructed prior to 1975. These roads have an SNDi of 1.5, which is relatively well-connected.

Effect on the aggregate network: New construction in each period adds to the total stock of streets, but does not change streets that have already been built. Therefore, it has a limited effect on the street network as a whole. The SNDis of the aggregate street network in the respective time periods are 1.5, 1.58, 1.59 and 1.6. Overall, the SNDi of the aggregate street network has risen: the street network in Copenhagen has become more disconnected. This increase has slowed: between 1975 and 1976-1990, SNDi rose by 0.09 points, but between 1991-2000 and 2001-2014, it rose by just 0.01.

Copenhagen and Hovedstaden do not follow the same trend in the disconnectivity of their street network constructions. The SNDi in Copenhagen rose steadily, while the SNDi of street constructions in Hovedstaden peaked in 1991-2000.

How do development practices in Copenhagen fare in comparison to others in Hovedstaden? Most recently in 2001-2014, street construction in Copenhagen was the 1st-most disconnected out of the 1 cities in Hovedstaden. Its position in the ranks since 1975 has not changed. Copenhagen ranked 1st in 1975, 1st in 1976-1990, 1st in 1991-2000 and 1st in 2001-2014.

Copenhagen and Denmark follow the same trend in the disconnectivity of their street network constructions. The SNDi for both of these rose steadily.

How do development practices in Copenhagen fare in comparison to others in Denmark? Most recently in 2001-2014, street construction in Copenhagen was the 4th-most disconnected out of the 4 cities in Denmark. Its position in the ranks since 1975 has fallen; relative to other cities in Denmark, street construction in Copenhagen has become more connected. Copenhagen ranked 3rd in 1975, 4th in 1976-1990, 4th in 1991-2000 and 4th in 2001-2014.

Copenhagen and Hovedstaden follow the same trend in the disconnectivity of their aggregate street networks. The SNDi for both of these rose steadily.

To date, Copenhagen is the 1st-most disconnected out of the 1 cities in Hovedstaden. Its position in the ranks since 1975 has not changed. Copenhagen ranked 1st in 1975, 1st in 1976-1990, 1st in 1991-2000 and 1st in 2001-2014.

Copenhagen and Denmark follow the same trend in the disconnectivity of their aggregate street networks. The SNDi for both of these rose steadily.

To date, Copenhagen is the 3rd-most disconnected out of the 4 cities in Denmark. Its position in the ranks since 1975 has not changed. Copenhagen ranked 3rd in 1975, 3rd in 1976-1990, 3rd in 1991-2000 and 3rd in 2001-2014.

As of 2015, Copenhagen had a built-up area of 244.57 square kilometers, and a population of 1225958 people.

These are some other cities with approximately the same population: