Street-network Sprawl in Macaé, Brazil

What is Street-network sprawl?

Street-network Sprawl is a way to measure urban sprawl, worldwide, through the connectedness of the streets. Less sprawl means more connected, more walkable streets. Well-connected streets – like New York City’s grid – are more walkable and can be served by public transit.

The street network is permanent, and its connectivity affects the livability and environmental footprint of cities for decades and centuries to come. In places with more connected streets, residents drive less and walk more. A well-connected street network is associated with better outcomes for health, the environment, sustainable consumption, social integration, and equity.

We can quantify how connected street networks are with the Street Network Disconnectedness Index (SNDi).

SNDi -- our measure of street-network sprawl (disconnectedness)

The SNDi is a comprehensive measurement of “sprawl”. It captures:

A higher SNDi means less-connected streets – i.e., more sprawl. For the 10137 cities in our dataset, the average SNDi is 2.25, with half of the cities' SNDis falling between 1.08 and 3.25.

More information on the sprawl index can be found in these research papers:

To see the state of street-network sprawl across the globe, visit the sprawlmap.

Macaé: city in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

What exactly constitutes the spatial extent of the city? For these aggregations, we used the Global Human Settlement Layer Urban Center Database (GHS-UCDB) to define the boundaries of the city. These cities -- or urban centers -- cover areas that are densely populated and built-up, and so may extend beyond the spatial borders of these cities that we may be familiar with. The GHS area is shaded in blue.

View Macaé, Brazil on the sprawlmap

Most recent snapshot: Taking into account the entire (i.e. aggregate) street network in Macaé as of 2014, the overall level of street-network sprawl is 2.9, which is in the 40th to 60th percentile of disconnectedness.

Trends in street network construction: The SNDis of street construction for the respective time periods are 2.41, 1.97, 4.88 and 3.99. Disconnectivity in street construction in Macaé follows a zig-zag trend. In 1976-1990, street construction was most disconnected, while construction was most connected in 1991-2000.

Quantity of street network construction: The street network in Macaé spans a total of 468 kilometers. The period with the greatest volume of street construction was 1975. These roads have an SNDi of 2.41, which is in the 40th to 60th percentile of disconnectedness.

Effect on the aggregate network: New construction in each period adds to the total stock of streets, but does not change streets that have already been built. Therefore, it has a limited effect on the street network as a whole. The SNDis of the aggregate street network in the respective time periods are 2.41, 2.22, 2.73 and 2.9. The SNDi of the aggregate street network in fell at first, but Macaé has worsened in disconnectivity since 1990.

Macaé and Rio de Janeiro do not follow the same trend in the disconnectivity of their street network constructions. The SNDi in Macaé followed a zig-zag trend with an overall increase, while the SNDi of street constructions in Rio de Janeiro rose steadily.

How do development practices in Macaé fare in comparison to others in Rio de Janeiro? Most recently in 2001-2014, street construction in Macaé was the 10th-most disconnected out of the 18 cities in Rio de Janeiro. Its position in the ranks since 1975 has fallen; relative to other cities in Rio de Janeiro, street construction in Macaé has become more connected. Macaé ranked 9th in 1975, 17th in 1976-1990, 9th in 1991-2000 and 10th in 2001-2014.

Macaé and Brazil do not follow the same trend in the disconnectivity of their street network constructions. The SNDi in Macaé followed a zig-zag trend with an overall increase, while the SNDi of street constructions in Brazil rose steadily.

How do development practices in Macaé fare in comparison to others in Brazil? Most recently in 2001-2014, street construction in Macaé was the 107th-most disconnected out of the 348 cities in Brazil. Its position in the ranks since 1975 has fallen; relative to other cities in Brazil, street construction in Macaé has become more connected. Macaé ranked 59th in 1975, 110th in 1976-1990, 40th in 1991-2000 and 107th in 2001-2014.

Macaé and Rio de Janeiro do not follow the same trend in the disconnectivity of their aggregate street networks. The SNDi in Macaé was at its lowest in 1976-1990, while the SNDi of street constructions in Rio de Janeiro rose steadily.

To date, Macaé is the 8th-most disconnected out of the 18 cities in Rio de Janeiro. Its position in the ranks since 1975 has risen; relative to other cities in Rio de Janeiro, the street network in Macaé has become more disconnected. Macaé ranked 9th in 1975, 12th in 1976-1990, 9th in 1991-2000 and 8th in 2001-2014.

Macaé and Brazil do not follow the same trend in the disconnectivity of their aggregate street networks. The SNDi in Macaé was at its lowest in 1976-1990, while the SNDi of street constructions in Brazil rose steadily.

To date, Macaé is the 50th-most disconnected out of the 348 cities in Brazil. Its position in the ranks since 1975 has risen; relative to other cities in Brazil, the street network in Macaé has become more disconnected. Macaé ranked 59th in 1975, 91st in 1976-1990, 52nd in 1991-2000 and 50th in 2001-2014.

As of 2015, Macaé had a built-up area of 16.97 square kilometers, and a population of 202524 people.

These are some other cities with approximately the same population: