Street-network Sprawl in Santarém, Brazil

What is Street-network sprawl?

Street-network Sprawl is a way to measure urban sprawl, worldwide, through the connectedness of the streets. Less sprawl means more connected, more walkable streets. Well-connected streets – like New York City’s grid – are more walkable and can be served by public transit.

The street network is permanent, and its connectivity affects the livability and environmental footprint of cities for decades and centuries to come. In places with more connected streets, residents drive less and walk more. A well-connected street network is associated with better outcomes for health, the environment, sustainable consumption, social integration, and equity.

We can quantify how connected street networks are with the Street Network Disconnectedness Index (SNDi).

SNDi -- our measure of street-network sprawl (disconnectedness)

The SNDi is a comprehensive measurement of “sprawl”. It captures:

A higher SNDi means less-connected streets – i.e., more sprawl. For the 10137 cities in our dataset, the average SNDi is 2.25, with half of the cities' SNDis falling between 1.08 and 3.25.

More information on the sprawl index can be found in these research papers:

To see the state of street-network sprawl across the globe, visit the sprawlmap.

Santarém: city in Pará, Brazil

What exactly constitutes the spatial extent of the city? For these aggregations, we used the Global Human Settlement Layer Urban Center Database (GHS-UCDB) to define the boundaries of the city. These cities -- or urban centers -- cover areas that are densely populated and built-up, and so may extend beyond the spatial borders of these cities that we may be familiar with. The GHS area is shaded in blue.

View Santarém, Brazil on the sprawlmap

Most recent snapshot: Taking into account the entire (i.e. aggregate) street network in Santarém as of 2014, the overall level of street-network sprawl is 0.21, which is very well-connected.

Trends in street network construction: The SNDis of street construction for the respective time periods are 0.13, nan, 0.75 and 1.01. Data was not available in 1976-1990.

Quantity of street network construction: The street network in Santarém spans a total of 615 kilometers. It is dominated by roads constructed prior to 1975. These roads have an SNDi of 0.13, which is very well-connected.

Effect on the aggregate network: New construction in each period adds to the total stock of streets, but does not change streets that have already been built. Therefore, it has a limited effect on the street network as a whole. The SNDis of the aggregate street network in the respective time periods are 0.13, 0.13, 0.16 and 0.21. Overall, the SNDi of the aggregate street network has risen: the street network in Santarém has become more disconnected.

Santarém and Pará do not follow the same trend in the disconnectivity of their street network constructions. There was not enough data from the city, as well as the Pará's street network construction.

How do development practices in Santarém fare in comparison to others in Pará? Most recently in 2001-2014, street construction in Santarém was the 13th-most disconnected out of the 16 cities in Pará. Its position in the ranks since 1975 has risen; relative to other cities in Pará, street construction in Santarém has become more disconnected. Santarém ranked 16th in 1975, 14th in 1991-2000 and 13th in 2001-2014. There was no ranking in 1976-1990 due to unavailable data.

Santarém and Brazil do not follow the same trend in the disconnectivity of their street network constructions. There was not enough data from the city, while the SNDi of street constructions in Brazil rose steadily.

How do development practices in Santarém fare in comparison to others in Brazil? Most recently in 2001-2014, street construction in Santarém was the 292nd-most disconnected out of the 348 cities in Brazil. Its position in the ranks since 1975 has fallen; relative to other cities in Brazil, street construction in Santarém has become more connected. Santarém ranked 281st in 1975, 285th in 1991-2000 and 292nd in 2001-2014. There was no ranking in 1976-1990 due to unavailable data.

Santarém and Pará do not follow the same trend in the disconnectivity of their aggregate street networks. The SNDi in Santarém rose steadily, while the SNDi of street constructions in Pará rose steadily.

To date, Santarém is the 16th-most disconnected out of the 16 cities in Pará. Its position in the ranks since 1975 has not changed. Santarém ranked 16th in 1975, 16th in 1976-1990, 16th in 1991-2000 and 16th in 2001-2014.

Santarém and Brazil do not follow the same trend in the disconnectivity of their aggregate street networks. The SNDi in Santarém rose steadily, while the SNDi of street constructions in Brazil rose steadily.

To date, Santarém is the 330th-most disconnected out of the 348 cities in Brazil. Its position in the ranks since 1975 has fallen; relative to other cities in Brazil, the street network in Santarém has become more connected. Santarém ranked 281st in 1975, 314th in 1976-1990, 326th in 1991-2000 and 330th in 2001-2014.

As of 2015, Santarém had a built-up area of 23.74 square kilometers, and a population of 208264 people.

These are some other cities with approximately the same population: